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1 Theory
Neurath has likened science to a boat which, if we are to rebuild it, we must rebuild plank by plank while staying afloat in it. The philosopher and the scientist are in the same boat....Analyze theory-building how we will, we all must start in the middle. Our conceptual firsts are middle-sized, middle-distanced objects, and our introduction to them and to everything comes midway in the cultural evolution of the race. In assimilating this cultural fare we are little more aware of a distinction between report and invention, substance and style, cues and conceptualization, than we are of a distinction between the proteins and the carbohydrates of our material intake. Retrospectively we may distinguish the components of theory-building, as we distinguish the proteins and carbohydrates while subsisting on them. (Quine, 1960, pp. 4-6)Theories are usually introduced when previous study of a class of phenomena has revealed a system of uniformities.... Theories then seek to explain those regularities and, generally, to afford a deeper and more accurate understanding of the phenomena in question. To this end, a theory construes those phenomena as manifestations of entities and processes that lie behind or beneath them, as it were. (Hempel, 1966, p. 70)A strong approach [to construct validation] looks on construct validation as tough-minded testing of specific hypotheses:heoretical concepts are defined conceptually or implicitly by their role in a network of nomological or statistical "laws." The meaning is partially given by the theoretical network, however tentative and as yet impoverished that network may be. Crudely put, you know what you mean by an entity to the extent that statements about it in the theoretical language are linked to statements in the observational language. These statements are about where it's found, what it does, what it's made of. Only a few of those properties are directly tied to observables [p. 136]. In [an early] theory sketch, based upon some experience and data, everything said is conjectural. We have tentative notions about some indicators of the construct with unknown validities [p. 144]. [When we check up empirically on predictions from the model] we are testing the crude theory sketch, we are tightening the network psychometrically, and we are validating the indicators. All of these are done simultaneously [p. 149]. [Extracted with elisions and some paraphrase from Meehl & Golden, 1982.] (Cronbach, 1990, p. 183)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Theory
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2 Theory Z
Gen Mgta management theory based on the assumption that greater employee involvement leads to greater productivity. Theory Z was proposed by Douglas McGregor shortly before his death in an attempt to address the criticisms of his Theory X and Theory Y. McGregor’s ideas were expanded by William Ouchi in his book Theory Z (1981), reflecting the Japanese approach to human resource management (see HRM). Theory Z advocates greater employee participation in management, greater recognition of employees’ contributions, better career prospects and security of employment, and greater mutual respect between employees and managers. -
3 Theory W
Gen Mgtan extreme extension of Douglas McGregor’s Theory X, which proposes that not only should employees be coerced into action but that force is often required. Theory W is a humorous contribution to the alphabet theories of management. Theory W stands for Theory Whiplash. -
4 Theory X
Gen Mgta management theory based on the assumption that most people are naturally reluctant to work and need discipline, direction, and close control if they are to meet work requirements. Theory X was coined by Douglas McGregor in The Human Side of Enterprise (1960), and it was considered by him to be an implicit basis for traditional hierarchical management. McGregor rejected Theory X as an appropriate management style and favored instead his proposed alternative, Theory Y. -
5 Theory Y
Gen Mgta management theory based on the assumption that employees want to work, achieve, and take responsibility for meeting their work requirements. Theory Y was coined by Douglas McGregor in The Human Side of Enterprise (1960). Although he recognized that Theory Y could not solve all human resource management problems, McGregor favored it over his Theory X, which required an autocratic management style. -
6 Theory E
Gen Mgta mechanism for bringing about change in an organization through the creation of economic value and improved profits for the shareholders. Theory E has the single goal of satisfying the financial markets with a top-down approach style of leadership from the chief executive. Theory E may be contrasted with Theory O, which involves employee empowerment and employee participation in leadership. -
7 Theory O
Gen Mgta mechanism for organizational change based on developing corporate culture and human capability through personal and organizational learning. Theory O involves fostering a culture that encourages employees to find their own solutions to problems through empowerment and participative leadership. Theory O contrasts with Theory E, which involves a top-down approach style of leadership rather than employee participation. -
8 theory
[ˈθɪərɪ] plural ˈtheories noun1) an idea or explanation which has not yet been proved to be correct:نَظَرِيَّهIn theory, I agree with you, but it would not work in practice.
2) the main principles and ideas in an art, science etc as opposed to the practice of actually doing it:مَبادئ نَظَرِيَّهA musician has to study both the theory and practice of music.
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9 Theory J
Gen Mgtthe Japanese form of management. Theory J is closely related to Theory Z, and was expounded by William Ouchi. -
10 theory
نَظريَّة \ theory: (the opposite of practice or of fact) a carefully reasoned idea or explanation which has not been tried in practice: a scientific theory. -
11 theory of diffraction
теория дифракции; см. также diffraction theoryАнгло-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > theory of diffraction
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12 theory of holographic interferometry
Англо-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > theory of holographic interferometry
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13 theory of holography
теория голографии; см. также holographic theoryАнгло-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > theory of holography
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14 theory of the horizontal fast track
Gen Mgta variation of fast track coined by Charles Handy. The theory of the horizontal fast track describes the development of talented people who are moved around from task to task to test and develop their capability in different working situations.The ultimate business dictionary > theory of the horizontal fast track
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15 Theory Formation
Mathematics: TF -
16 Theory Into Practice
Abbreviation: TIPУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Theory Into Practice
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17 Theory Model Elimination
Physics: TMEУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Theory Model Elimination
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18 Theory Of Constraints
Mathematics: TOCУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Theory Of Constraints
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19 Theory Of Everything
Mathematics: TOEУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Theory Of Everything
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20 Theory Of Inventive Problem Solving
University: TIPSУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Theory Of Inventive Problem Solving
См. также в других словарях:
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